History of Photography - Photography from the Camera Obscura to Digital

The development of photography is inseparable from an extremely long history, starting from the time before Christ up to the present time. Today, photography has become a very popular field and can be easily understood and practiced by everyone. Things like this can not be achieved without the discovery or innovation made ​​by the characters. Here is an explanation of the development of photography began discovery concept that even the simplest camera into the era of digital photography.

1. The Camera Obscura

Camera Obscura (later mentioned as a camera obscura), derived from the Latin word meaning 'dark room'. It is so called because it was originally a camera obscura is a darkened room with a convex lens / small hole in one side. Through a convex lens / small hole is, the light from outside will come in and projecting the image of the object / situation outside, onto a medium.

A camera obscura-shaped room, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Area indicated by the yellow circle is a small hole where the entry of light.

The early history of the concept pemroyeksian / reflectance of light can be traced to the year 336 BC. When was Aristotle (384-322 BC) saw the crescent shape of the events created by the partial solar eclipse. The crescent shapes projected onto the surface of the ground, through the tiny holes of a sieve. Aristotle then make a small hole in a metal plate. And it turns out, a small hole in the metal plate and is useful as a way of projecting the image of the entry of light from the outside, to the top of a field. Events that has led to what is called the 'principle of optics', a principle which is very useful in the development of photography (camera) until now.

Subsequent developments carried out by an Egyptian scientist named Abu Ali al-Hasan Ibn al-Haitham (965 - 1039 AD), better known as 'Al-Hazen'. Al-Hazen was the first to apply the principles of optics in a dark room. Dark room is then called a camera obscura.

In the 15th century, a famous painter and inventor, Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519 AD), making use of the camera obscura to help him create a painting. He arranged so that light projection from outdoors can fall right into the media of painting. That way, he can copy the projected image, into a painting. In addition, Leonardo Da Vinci also sketched a camera obscura practical form that can be taken anywhere. But the draft he had not realized.

2. Pinhole CAMERA / CAMERA PINHOLE

Pinhole cameras use the same concept with a camera obscura, which projects the image of an object outside, through a very small hole. It's just not as big as a pinhole camera as a camera obscura room.

Examples of the image produced by a pinhole camera.

To produce the image that will be printed in the media (special paper / sheet metal), takes a pinhole camera exposure (light capture) a long, long, long even when compared with a regular camera, could be a few minutes, for hours.

Written record of the pinhole camera, came from China in the 5th century BC. A Chinese scientist named Mo Jing, said about the theory of image formation through a small hole. Then in the 10th century to 16, many scientists to be the inventor of the pinhole camera, as a Chinese scientist named Shen Kuo (1031-1095), Roger Bacon, Robert Grosseteste, until scientists Egypt, Al-Hazen, who is also the inventor of the camera obscura.

3. CAMERA PHOTO

Camera means a device whose function is not only to project an image, but also illustrates that image onto a medium, permanently. Camera is the result of the development of the existing functions of the camera obscura findings of Al-Hazen. When tracing the history of the discovery of modern photo cameras, then we will meet with the leaders of four 19th century who contributed to show the path to the world of modern photography.

The first person who is a French national scientist, Joseph Nicephore Niépce. In the 1820s he experimented with a camera obscura. Niépce insert a media into a camera obscura, so that the projected image can be recorded in the media.

View from the Window at Le Gras, most photos were first made.

Media used is an oiled tin plate special. Tin plates are stored in the camera obscura and exposed for 8 hours by bright sunlight. The image is projected and recorded on that tin slab, which was first printed photograph which has been established in the history of mankind. The photo entitled "View from the Window at Le Gras", made ​​in 1826.

In 1826, Joseph Nicephore Niépce collaborated with an artist and a French chemist namedLouis JM Daguerre. Niépce died in 1833. But after that Daguerre continued to refine Niépce experiments. He found a way that the resulting image can be recorded better.

Boulevard du Temple (1838/1839), the first photo featuring the image of man. Created by Louis JM Daguerre.

Daguerre then use the media in the form of silver-coated plate. Before the slab was dipapari light, first of all he mengasapinya with vapor of iodine, to be more sensitive to light exposure. After dipapari light for 10 minutes through a camera obscura, the silver-coated plate and smoked again appointed by the vapor of a substance mercury and immersed in a salt solution. Finally came the picture quality is better than the photos produced for 8 hours through experimentation Niépce. Pictures taken Daguerre was made in late 1838 or early 1839. Titled"Boulevard du Temple" and is the first photo featuring the image of man in it.

Processes and tools used to make Louis JM Daguerre photos, then patented and named the'daguerreotype'. Daguerreotype became popular and are often used to take pictures of famous figures. So that this tool can be called as the first camera used in the community.

Successful experiment conducted by Daguerre, has introduced the concept of negative film that can be converted into a positive by particular ways. Actually, in the same period, a British scientist named William Henry Fox Talbot also have conducted experiments similar to experiments Daguerre. It was only after Daguerre patented process invention, Talbot also trying to publish the results of his experiments. Talbot focuses his research on light-absorbing media or photo paper. He created a media which is paper that has been coated by a variety of chemical substances. Then he explained to the sunlight on the paper, with an object in front of him. Be the image of the object is printed on paper. This process is named 'calotype', which means 'beautiful depiction', in Greek.

Kodak No.. 2 Brownie Box Camera (1910)

Subsequent development of camera technology coincided with the discovery of rollfilm. In 1888, an American citizen named George Eastman, introducing cameras are sold at affordable prices and is named "Kodak". The first Kodak camera was already filled with a black and white rollfilm able to record 100 images.

Owned by George Eastman Kodak Company has a slogan "You press the button, we do the rest" (you are pressing the button, we are taking care of the next), due to process and print the picture, customers need to return their cameras to the factory.

So that's the early history of the camera. Experiment begins with Joseph Nicephore Niépce who developed a camera obscura in order to record an image, followed by Louis JM Daguerre with a perfect daguerreotypenya experimental results Niépce, then William Henry Fox Talbot who has a similar concept with Daguerre, and lastly George Eastman, which produces cameras' Kodak 'it is cheap and easy to use, and ultimately make the photography is becoming increasingly popular in the community.

4. FILMS

Or rollfilm Film is a medium that holds the negative image of a photograph. Negative image is then processed in a certain way so that the image can be printed on other media (paper), and be a photograph.

Early development of the film is a slab tin / metal that is used by Niépce, Daguerre, and Talbot to record images produced from their respective instruments. However slab that has been coated by a wide variety of chemical substances that can not be called a movie because of the image created, printed on the plate as well. While the definition of the film is a medium that stores a negative image, and then processed to be printed on other media.

As for the film as we know it today, was invented by George Eastman, founder of Kodak company, in 1884. Films The first type of paper smeared with a special gel is dry. New in 1889, Eastman innovate with transparent plastic film. Films are made ​​from materials that burn easily, which is a special plastic that is mixed with nitrate and camphor.

'Film' is commonly used.

Development continues to be done, a more modern movie and we used to use a layer of 3 to 20, and is a mixture of various chemicals. The elements contained in the film that will determine the sensitivity, contrast, resolution and other effects on the picture made.

Towards the end of the 20th century, appears 'movie' of new types. Movies it is a filmelectronics (data storage media) that are used in digital cameras. Because it is cheaper and can be used over and over again, now people prefer to make use of digital photography and electronic films earlier. The result can match and even exceed the quality of the resulting image of conventional films.

5. PHOTO PAPER

Talking about photo paper mean we are talking about the media in which a printed image and finally called a photograph. A more precise definition, photo paper is a paper that is sensitive to light, so it can be reliably photographic image on it. However, in this era of digital photography, the notion of photo paper into shifts. Now, paper photo paper is defined as anything that can be used to print photos with good quality (of course with the help of a printer or other printing devices). So, whether it's glossy paper, matte paper or other types, provided that the paper can be used to print photos well, it can be called as photo paper.

At awalknya, photo paper is a specialty paper that is coated several chemicals to the paper can be used to print photos from film negatives.

If we trace the early history of the discovery of the media to print this photo, then we will meet again with Joseph Nicephore Niépce who successfully made the first photograph in 1926. At that time he was a slab tin coated with a chemical substance, in order to record the projected image from the camera obscuranya.

Niépce used the concept to create a metal plate into the light sensitive, then continue to be developed until the 1880s, George Eastman Kerta successfully used specifically for printing photos from a film negative.

6. DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY

Digital photography is one of the best innovations in the world of photography. His presence has changed the paradigm of people who think that photography is a field which is expensive and difficult to master. Digital photography can really provide practicality and convenience for each person to make a good photograph. With the rapid development of technology, and a variety of features to make a good photo, there is a phrase that "everyone can be a professional photographer".

If traced its history, then we will go back to the 1960s. In which the world is undergoing a massive revolution in the field of technology. Eugene F. Lally, a technician from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory was the first person who had the idea to digitize a photograph. When the goal is to easy to send photos directly from space missions outside the United States.

In the 1970s, the world of journalism has influenced the emergence of digital cameras. At that time, there is a demand to bring photos of an event occurring, as soon as possible. It is used media photo scanner (scanner). A photograph scanned into electronic data, then transmitted over telephone lines. However, this method is still considered inconvenient, because a decline in the quality of the picture is quite significant and photo submission process, it will take a relatively long time.

First Digital Camera Models

To answer this question, we need a camera that can directly create photo form of electronic data. then in December 1975, a technician from the Kodak company named Steven Sasson,be the first to find Digital Camera.

The camera is made, using sensor CCD as image and media acceptance can only produce black and white photographs with a resolution of 0.01 megapixels (320 x 240 pixels). Storage media is a cassette tape, while to see the results of the image, the camera must be connected to a television first. This camera has a weight weighing 3.6 kg and takes no less than 23 seconds to process one photo.

Although the first model of digital camera is still not practical and not fully answer the problems that occur, but the tool has become the beginning of the ease and convenience of digital photography technology that we enjoy today. After the discovery of the first models of digital cameras, digital cameras keep popping up with further improvements over the previous model, with a range of new features and capabilities.